Deep-rooted corruption in Mali: the social cost of “small gifts”
In Mali, terms like “Bonya” (respect), “woro songo” (the price of cola), or “buru songo” (the price of bread) have become common euphemisms for illicit payments. These “small gifts” are the building blocks of a corruption crisis that has deeply permeated Malian society, creating a social tragedy that many nowContinue Reading











